how globalization and environmental sustainability...

GLOBALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY CHAPTER 9 Chapter 9 Globalization and environmental sustainability Economic globalization has multiple implications for environmental sustainability. The interactions are so numerous and so complex that it would be simplistic to affirm that the two are in conflict. Indeed, there are neither theoretical reasons nor adequate or conclusive empirical evidence to show that the relationship between globalization and environmental sustainability is unidirectional or unidimensional (ECLAC/UNEP, 2001). One thing that is unquestionable, as the scientific evidence makes clear, is that the growing and cumulative scale of human activities has produced environmental effects of a global†¦show more content†¦The environmental consequences are generally longer-term, with dynamic, cumulative characteristics that are difficult to measure because they are associated in some cases with qualitative parameters. Furthermore, many of these implications are not necessarily reflected in markets. Some examples of such implications are cross-border pollution, effects on global goods, effects on landscape and the loss of scenic beauty, the extinction of species and the loss of biodiversity (ECLAC/UNEP, 2001). Direct environmental effects are generated by the use of new technologies for agriculture industry and energy, by the exploitation of hitherto untapped renewable and non-renewable natural resources, by the creation and dispersion of new biological forms and by the release of new substances into the environment. Indirect environmental effects are generated by the social, economic, political and demographic adjustments driven by the wave of new technology, which has resulted in changes in prices and demand, the social organization of work, production systems, employment, the international division of labour, services and the location and nature of human activities and settlements. Environmental implications associated with a general redefinition of comparative advantages are difficult to anticipate, given the possibility that new and unsuspected advantages may arise and the likelihood that the factors thatShow MoreRelatedExternal Trends1214 Words   |  5 PagesDecision Making For Hotel amp; Restaurant Managers Define the term environment in this context. We say that strategic managers within organisations must consider environmental influences before arriving at business decisions; discuss what these environmental forces are and how they would impact on the decisions made by strategic management on the future viability of the business. As well as this, do a brief analysis of the 5 forces driving competition in the hospitality industry using PortersRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Human Resource Management and Corporate Social Responsibility are two news that are accepted and believed as highly important to company strategies. To be in competitive businesses needs to increase productivity by finding new systems. Furthermore, HRM is a crucial tool for any business, and as well as CSR, which is becoming an important too. The growth of CSR is the result of changes in the developed world’s greater concerns for environmental deforestation, discriminatory workingRead More Globalization and Sustainable Development Essay1981 Words   |  8 Pagesguarantee a sustainable future. Authors attest societies and businesses’ inability to account for ecological and environmental limits when dealing with economic growth, examples of this are some of the traditional business metrics used by most global companies, and nations’ measure of wealth (GDP); both sides heavily resting on economic factors, fail to account for societal and environmental concerns (Byrnea Gloverb, 2002). Other researchers point at the intensive use of resources, especially by globalRead MoreDirect Study 5 Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesrisk events? Give some examples and explain how they affect international business. 5. What means can managers use to assess political risk? What do you think is there lative effectiveness of these different methods? At the time you are reading this,what countries or areas do you feel have political risk sufficient to discourage you from doing business there? 6. Can political risk be â€Å"managed†? If so, what methods can be used to manage such risk, and how effective are they? Discuss the lengths toRead MoreMultinational Corporations, Their Challenges and Successes1550 Words   |  7 Pagesexplanation of globalization, the primary challenges of multinational management, and discuss two separate case studies and their challenges and successes. Increasing globalization Global expansion has developed a tactical imperative for nearly all large organizations and MNC managers have a great deal on their hands in developing, monitoring and changing these strategies. Becoming international is an important factor in assisting organizations in becoming globally competitive. Globalization has becomeRead MoreThe Problem Of Supply Chain Management Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper addresses an issue within supply chain management research that has not been given much attention, and thereby attempts to bring focus to modern slavery within organizations with international supply chains. It calls for new theory development towards the detection and elimination of slavery within global supply chain, as well as the development of new tools and indicators that can be used to detect slavery within supply chains. After detecting slavery within a supply chain, complete withdrawalRead MoreSugar Bowl Case Study Memo3359 Words   |  14 PagesProfessional D iploma in Strategic Management Leadership Managing Corporate Responsibility in Wider Business Environment Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 2 Page | 1 PART 01: .................................................................................................................................. 3 LO 1.1: Briefly explain how the globalization has an impact on a nationalRead MoreBackground of Csr5929 Words   |  24 PagesShort History â€Å"We believe that the leading global companies of 2020 will be those that provide goods and services and reach new customers in ways that address the world’s major challenges—including poverty, climate change, resource depletion, globalization, and demographic shifts.† Niall Fitzgerald, former ceo Chairman, Unilever Debates over the concept of csr span from the 1930s to the 21st century. A debate over the responsibilities of corporate managers and directors to their shareholdersRead More5BIC 4125 Words   |  17 Pagesthe role of HR and the link to business management across the different organizational sectors, including an explorative approach to the context of contemporary business, equality and diversity, environmental, technical and governmental developments and its impact on modern business initiatives. Furthermore this paper will examine how these initiatives differ according to sectors in relation business profit, methods of analyzing performance and the influence of HR policies in managing and supportingRead MoreI Recommend Investing At Samsung. Its Strengths, Financial Stability, And The Second Largest Market Share Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic advantage Samsung possess. Further, it will seek to define who is in the greatest position now to lead the smartphone market moving forward. Samsung will need to continue to gain profit while simultaneously maintaining sustainability and innovation through the proper management of: planning, leading, organizing, controlling, and innovation. What Analyst says? Despite Apple announcement of a blowout first quarter for its financial statements, an analyst from the reputable Jefferies Co. thinks

Bentley Motors free essay sample

What is international market segmentation? What challenges does it pose to Bentley?International market segmentation is a marketing strategy which includes a wide target market. If we start a business, market segmentation is very important. If our company is international company, we need to understand about the international market segmentation. According to customers need and want, location, culture and religion, we must target market. It is international market segmentation. International market segmentation consists four factors; (1) Geographic location ,(2) Economic factor (3) Political and legal factors and (4) Cultural factors. The traditional markets of Bentley Motors are the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe. However, sales in its traditional markets slumped in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. Some orders for its cars were cancelled immediately and sales dropped by 24% that year compared to 2009. This forces Bentley started to search for new markets to increase sales. Bentley use different kinds of market segmentation to segment their international market. We will write a custom essay sample on Bentley Motors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bentley realized that the use of the more traditional market segmentation variables such as age, gender, education, and level of economic development does not seem to reflect the real aspect of market behavior. Especially the burgeoning purchasing power of the well-to-do in the big emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. The result of search was market segmentation based on new economic factors like number of sales in that market.Q.2 Using the full spectrum of segmentation variables, describe how Bentley segments and targets the international luxury car market.The full spectrum of segmentation variables are lifestyle, emotion association, educated and etc. It targeted high-income groups who want to buy into the symbolism and history of the Bentley brand. It targeted again groups in the emerging economies who are typically older or retired males, highly educated and high earners. In comparison, Bentleys target consumers in emerging markets are often the young, less educated, entrepreneurs who share a number of important commonalities. They have a strong appetite for Western-branded luxury goods. Recognizing the differences and the opportunity to be had from differentiating its targeting efforts. And its also target the traditional market with its original value proposition of luxury, performance, and exclusivity.Q. 3 Has Bentley differentiated and positioned its brand effectively? Explain.Bentley has differentiate and positioned its brand effectively. High-touch differentiation and positioning program tailored to the carefully defined well-to-do groups in each of its markets. Bentley offers an exclusive collection of limited non-motoring products produced under license from its equality exclusive partners. For example, Zai a Swiss maker of luxury ski equipment known for its craft and exclusivity. Bentley offer him equipment for the Bentley Styling Studio in England. And then they made the golf events, these events bring together golfers from different contents with an common interest. China has now replaced the United States as Bentleys largest market. In Russia, Bentleys sales increased by 45% in 2011.Q.4 Given the economic downturn in developed economies and the slowdown in emerging economies such as China, will Bentley continue to grow? Why or Why not?Bentley will continue growth among economic market. Because Bentley brand around the international is developing and crafting one of the world a most desirable products. Bentley has succeeded differentiating its position in the global luxury car market through a market-driven strategy based on responsive cross-market segmentation. The use of the more traditional market segmentation variables such age, gender, education, and level of economic development doesnt seem to reflect the real aspect of market behavior, especially the burgeoning purchasing power of the well to do in the big emerging market as like Brazil, Russia, India and China. Bentley still going to improve especially in the existing emerging economies as well as those in the making , such as Vietnam, Cambodia , Kazakhstan, and the Philippines, where the nouveaurich have just started to appreciated the quintessentially British tradition and heritage that is embroidered in Bentley. Therefore, reinforce relationship with valuable customers is the most important point for business to moving forward with success.Q.5 What recommendations would you make to help ensure Bentleys future growth?First, Bentley need to change their strategy for the new market. In the current market they use market penetration and product development. In the new market, they use market development and diversification. Especially, entrepreneurs like the China market, they have to integrate their cars to performance and technological aspects Bluetooth, Wi-Fi connections, touch screen system to attract the China customers. They can that way to attract not only the China customers but also Asia customers. Next Product development should be good too. Bentley could do localization, make a little modification on appearance and styles for cars in different markets. Localize the maintenance service, keep the brand through different channels. That is the recommendations to help ensure Bentleys future growth.

The Difference Essay Research Paper The DifferenceBush free essay sample

The Difference Essay, Research Paper The Difference Bush or Gore? Will it be the frailty president or the governor of Texas to make full the presidential term? Even after election twenty-four hours, this is still a really questionable subject. Because of the peoples # 8217 ; split positions, it seems the state has divided itself: half for Gore, half for Bush. Their positions differ on issues such as revenue enhancements, societal security, and gun control. First, George W. Bush believes that federal income revenue enhancements are excessively high and that a revenue enhancement cut for all Americans is the best manner to accomplish financial duty in authorities. Besides, he believes that money paid to the authorities is that of the people, and should be returned to them alternatively of blowing it on societal disbursement plans. Contrary to this, Al Gore has a different position on revenue enhancements. Gore supports raising revenue enhancements for authorities disbursement on plans designed to pacify particular involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Difference Essay Research Paper The DifferenceBush or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He besides believes that authorities demands to come foremost, non hard-working households. Second, the other seeable difference is evident in their positions on societal security. Bush favors a signifier of the system that allows seting financess into private investings to protect it for retirement. The governor believes in the single # 8217 ; s ability to do his ain retirement determinations. However, Gore is unmindful to the defects of the P resent system. He vows to maintain societal security the same and supports higher income revenue enhancement for system support. In add-on, Gore believes that people should non be given the ability to program for retirement without authorities intercession. Third, another difference between the current frailty president and the governor of Texas trades with gun control. Bush believes in implementing Torahs designed to maintain pieces out of the custodies of felons ; and wants ferocious prosecution of those who commit a offense with a piece. Bush believes that fiddling with the constitutional right for carriers of pieces will merely set the condemnable component at an advantage, because felons don # 8217 ; t normally obey gun Torahs. Contrary to this, Gore believes that guns in the custodies of jurisprudence esteeming people pose a menace to society. The Justice Department has systematically ignored enforcement of gun Torahs and has refused to prosecute many instances where a gun offense has fallen within federal legal power. Bush or Gore? The inquiry remains. During the presidential argument a twosome of months before the general election, their differences became public in a few critical positions: revenue enhancements, societal security, and gun control. A line seems to split our state ; a line that says, # 8220 ; Gore electors to the right, Bush electors to the left. # 8221 ; Currently, it is non evident which side is heavier.

Pestle Company analysis Essay Example

Pestle Company analysis Essay Example Pestle Company analysis Essay Pestle Company analysis Essay Gelling in the sass. Founder Yang Way Kiang took over the then lens-grinding shop at 14 years old when his father died. The eldest child of the family took care of the shop and family while coping with his studies. During the sass, the booming of shopping centers has boasted the number of aware stores creating high demand on lens grindings. This led to the opening of second outlet in Satang Mall and never looks back since. Today, Nanning Optical Group has staff strength of more than 80 and a turnover of 10 million. Nag, 2007) External Analysis This section uses Porter Five Forces to identify the attractiveness of optical industry in Singapore. Monsoons, 2011) Threats of Entry Nanning Optical Group being pioneer has accumulated vast experience curve in the industry. Being a well known local brand has certain economies of scales in terms of accessibility to supply, distribution channels and brand awareness. Expected retaliation is expected notably from few main players like Spectacle H ut and Capitol Optical in a form of price cuts. Government Action is consistently through aids and subsidies. Differentiation of products are low as less variation. Threat of substitutes Eye laser or Alias is a threat outside this industry. Extra-industry effects are people are not willing to take surgery risk even through the risk is low. However, Alias has becoming affordable options over the past few years in terms of price and performance ratio. (Nag, 2008) Power of Buyers In Singapore context, buyers are also the ultimate consumers in the optical industry. The bargaining power of these concentrated buyers puts businesses under pressure, because buyers have low switching cost as they shop around due to low fermentation of frames and lens. Most businesses source their supplies of frames and lens from conventional suppliers like Carl Seize Lens or Paris Miss frames, these increase suppliers bargaining powers. Unless businesses perform backward vertical integration which will be discuss in details further in Strategic Options section. Power Concentrated suppliers translated to taking only mass orders to achieve economies of scales which impact smaller businesses like Nanning Optical, which have to pay higher cost for smaller orders. Unless smaller businesses have some form of awkward vertical integration to sustain low cost and differential products, but it comes with initial high switching cost. Started off as lens grinder, Nanning Optical is able to close up to the buyers by eliminating middleman for processing of lens prescription, reducing cost, time and enhance service experience. This is a form of forward vertical integration which reduces supplier competition threat. Competitive Rivalry The competitive balance is less rivalries with few dominant players like Spectacle Hut and Capital Optical, as well as smaller outskirt shops. Progressive industry growth ate is mainly on dominant players in terms of more outlets in Malaysia and China. Being mostly brick and mortar means high fixed cost. Various options include increase order capacity and scales of economies by opening more outlets. As well as reduce distribution and inventory cost using information technology. Main players in the industry have high exit barriers due to heavy initial investment on outlets and support infrastructure like distribution and warehousing software. Lastly, optical industry has low differentiation as competitors have identical brands of products. One needs to fight in terms of price, after sales service and brand awareness to reduce competitive rivalry. This section uses PESTLE framework to explain following environmental influences on businesses. Monsoons, 2011) Political and Economic Singapore which Nanning Optical is based creates an excellent environment for small businesses and startups. Singapore government has always encouraged the growth of small businesses in terms of grants and subsidies for Seems. For example, government subsidies Seems up to 40% of the upgrading IT infrastructure cost. The Singapore Government hopes that such initiatives will keep local Seems raised their productivity and innovative which will sustain and improve their position in the competitive market. Lord, 2012) Seems constitute 92% of all firms, employ 51% of the workforce and account for 34% of GAP. (Escaper, 2012) They will in turn provide quality employments and raising skills of employees through effective use of technology. These initiatives are revised according to the economic conditions, and more support from government during worse times. At regional level, Singapore overspent representative have regularly visit emerging countries lik e China and the Ouzos Tech Park in China, consist of high tech manufacturing facilities with built in residential and recreational facilities. This is a Joint development between Singapore and China. (Composer, 2012) Back at home, Singapore resembles a warming welcome environment for startups of local companies in the form of political stability. Leadership in Singapore does not change every two years. Reigning government is able to plan in a long term basis, this place the country into an advantageous mode, revived the current environment has gain solid grounds in terms of strong and sustainable economic growth, established infrastructures which is well linked to the rest of the world. Taxes are key considerations for setting up business. Singapore key advantages are being low effective personal and corporate tax rates. Personal income has a tier system that starts from nothing and cap at 20% for income above $320 000. Effective corporate tax rate for Singapore private limited companies for profits up to $300 000 is below 9% and caps at 17% above $300 000. Dividends for shareholders re tax free. Singapore has one of the lowest SST rates at 7%. (Team, 2012) Social Singapore Government has adapted a social security system of low tax rate but heavily subsidies public health care and housings finance in equal measure by employees and employers alike. The government has being actively administered necessary measures to ensure every child born here are vaccine against chronic diseases, a ready pool of funds in citizen savings with heavily subsidies aid from government for the use of hospitals, elderly homes, childcare, education and other accessible resource during different aspect of life. (Singapore Budget 2012, 2012) The above measures affect the well-being and health of the people, and are closely related to the social aspect of Singapore. There are numerous countries with inadequate social system in place which indirectly translate into increase of crime rates and unrest. For example, the current anti-Muslim movie made in the United States Innocence of Muslims has sparked protests and riots all over the world. Singapore, being a country of really strong emphasis on respecting various cultures ND religions, the nation is instantly aware that violence is never a response to prejudice, which the latter should not happen at the first place. Above mention social aspects of Singapore not only is a favorable place for local companies, it is also a magnet for foreign direct investments. Technology Singapore is in the midst of rolling out island wide fiber speed internet connectivity. Main local Telecoms are also implementing G mobile telecommunications. People can keep in touch of internet and communications even faster before no matter where they are. Businesses operations and deals are as if running virtually rounds the clock even if the brick and mortar offices are close. Neo, 2012) Rising in technology aids in developing more advance business applications at a cheaper cost in implementation, for example, warehousing and account software designed in a modular manner, which can be easily tailored to different business environment. Due to high speed internet transmission, small local companies can host their data and application with providers instead of purchasing the whole suite of software, which at times is understandi ng. (SUM, 2012)

Analysis of Strategic Alliances or Value Opportunities Part II Assignment

Analysis of Strategic Alliances or Value Opportunities Part II - Assignment Example Out of the rush to complete the process, we quickly went into a merger with the company, only to realize later that the company was involved in a huge debt that we had to incur. This made it impossible for us to experience any growth and profitability from the alliance turned merger. I therefore share the position that alliance leads to profitability but it ought to be a strategic one (Kaplan, Norton & Rugelsjoen, 2010). Â  Indeed it will be no act of over elaboration for me to say that your post is one of the most insightful I have ever read. This is because of the way you approach the subject of business strategic planning from a holistic perspective. In fact I perfectly agree with you on the point that most modern day business executives have only looked at business strategies from a myopic perspective where they fail to appreciate the place and importance of overall success. Instead, they tend to be content with reaching their quota and meeting service levels. Meanwhile, as the global business climate becomes highly competitive, it is important that businesses factor in the core issues of competitive growth rather than individual growth. To do this, it is important for businesses to take advantage of the concept of strategic alliance in finding as many global benchmarks with whom they can form alliances with and partner for growth (Grayson,

The Color Purple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Color Purple - Essay Example The story revolves round the protagonist Celie, a fourteen years old black girl, who is victim of the sexual assaults of her stepfather. The stepfather, not only rapes her continuously, but also impregnates her twice illegitimately. Celie is also rebuked and tortured by the obnoxious Alphonso, who does never have mercy towards the innocent little girl. Since she is unable to resist to the cruel and atrocious behavior of her stepfather, she writes letters to God out of the feelings of sheer disappointment and despair. Hence, she maintains unabated belief in the existence of the Supreme Being, Who would remove all her miseries one day. Thus, the elements of Christian religious belief sway throughout the book that consists of letters to God carrying prayers for the protagonist’s safety from the cruelties society committed on the weak stratum. She also looks nagging in her letter on the sad demise of her mother, which has deprived her of the affection and protection of a shelterin g tree in the person of the mother. She also makes complains through her writing to the Lord regarding the loss of her daughter and then son, both of which are snatched away from her lap as soon as she gives birth to them. Since the children are the product of her illicit relationship or rape by her stepfather, who gets the infant children lost in order to conceal his heinous crime he has been committing against her innocent stepdaughter. The little girl’s mourning and cries fill the hearts of the readers with gloominess. The author, in a highly moving though morbid way narrates the torture and battering Alphonso inflicted upon Celie. However, Celie’s unabated belief in the Lord does not waver altogether. On the contrary, her faith observes tremendous boost while her addressing the Lord through her innocent writing. help. Her letters further make complains from the Lord on getting married to the immodest and dissipated Mr.___. Although Mr. ___ had asked for the hand of Celie’s younger sister Nettie, yet Alphonso preferred to hand over comparatively â€Å"the ugly† Celie to the sweet and charming Nettie. Since she is unable to get rescued from the cruelties of Alphonso and then Mr. ___, her belief about God as a white male strengthens. Consequently, she starts believing that the deity belonging to male stratum as well as white racial group would not protect an ordinary, poor and helpless black girl at any cost. Thus, sense of alienation appears in the mind of the black girl. The elements of racial discrimination are also evident in the letters Celie writes to God, which are actually the reflection of the sentiments of

Food Technology Essay Example for Free

Food Technology Essay Let’s remember 1The key stages of the technology process are designing, producing and evaluating. 2A design situation is a scenario, situation or context. It sets the scene for a designer. A design brief is a statement that presents a task or problem to be solved as it relates to the design situation. 3It is important to analyse the design brief to ensure that the designer understands what is required of them and so that they can develop a criteria for success. 4It is essential to know the criteria for success before undertaking a design process so that a designer can refer back to these criteria during the design process and ensure that they are on track and making correct decisions. It is essential to know the constraints before undertaking a design project so that a designer stays within the boundaries of the project, particularly in terms of cost and schedule. 5Some methods of research and investigation that designers use may include: inspiration boards, interviews, the Internet, surveys, experiments, observations, textbooks, encyclopaedias, magazines and TV programs. 6Primary sources of information are original documents. Some examples of primary sources are interview responses, survey responses, observations or original documents. Secondary sources of information are collected from existing documents and might include textbooks, magazines, TV programs and Internet searches. 7Designers sometimes produce simple sketches of their ideas to ensure that they remember all of the details that they generated during the research and exploration stages. Their diagrams might be accompanied by labels that list materials, colours, size and other details. 8Designers will usually come up with more than one option for the design solution to ensure that the most creative and innovative solution possible is found, rather than just the first and most obvious idea. 9The best design option is selected by evaluating each idea against the original brief, the criteria for success and any constraints. 10Evaluation is an important part of the technology process as it helps the designer to make decisions about the design and the development of the solution. Evaluation also helps the designer to judge the success of the final result. 11Food designers may evaluate their food product solutions by performing a sensory evaluation with a panel of taste-testers. 1. 2 Factors influencing design Case study: Red Lantern 1The two factors that Mark Jensen of Red Lantern considers important when judging the success of a restaurant are limiting the restaurant’s impact on the environment and using organic and ethically sound produce. 2Some of the produce chosen for the menu at Red Lantern includes organic vegetables and herbs, line-caught fish, organic and free-range poultry, free-range pork. 3According to Mark, some benefits of using organic and free-range products include that they are free from pesticides and taste better. 4Pesticides used in farming contaminate the soil and the water table and are therefore harmful to the environment. 5Net fishing is a problem for marine ecology because of the amount of bycatch. Bycatch is a term given to the tonnes of marine animals caught in nets and killed every year. The bycatch is then discarded into the ocean because they are perceived to have no economic value. 6Energy use is being reduced at Red Lantern by using sustainable technologies such as energy-efficient equipment and light globes. Water consumption is reduced by replacing common wok stations that rely on a constant flow of water with a new type of wok system which stops water from being lost down the drain. 7Waste is managed at Red Lantern by using specially marked glass, plastic, cardboard and paper recycling bins. Vegetable waste is placed in compost bins. Let’s remember. 1The factors that may influence the development and production of a solution to a brief include: function, aesthetics, human form, scale, ergonomics, ethics, environmental issues, legislation, cost, sociocultural sensitivity, resource availability, physical and material properties and safety. 2Ergonomics relates to the human form. An ergonomic solution must be comfortable and safe to use without causing strain or injury to the user. 3The word sustainable means renewable or maintainable. A sustainable resource can be maintained at a certain level without causing damage to the environment. 4Organic foods are grown without the use of chemical fertilisers or pesticides. 1. 3 Innovation and emerging technologies Case study: Molecular gastronomy 1Molecular gastronomy is a term used to describe the application of science and technology to cooking. 2Some methods used to change ingredients into new foods are: drying, liquefying, gassing and freezing. 3Chefs of molecular gastronomy are successful in creating new food combinations and textures by first understanding the chemistry of food and flavour. 4Answers will vary. Let’s remember 1Some advantages of having an Internet refrigerator are: keeping track of what is stored in it, recording how long food has been in the fridge, having a built in video camera to leave video memos, being able to watch television or listen to online music while cooking. 2Reasons for putting a computer in a refrigerator may include: the kitchen is the source of action in many homes and is therefore a logical place for a computer; the refrigerator is always plugged in and switched on so it makes sense to include a computer. 3Nanotechnology is a new or emerging technology that refers to substances at the atomic and molecular level (that is, very, very small things). 4Nanotechnology will make the following possible: aIncrease the nutritional claims of particular foods by fortifying foods with hidden nutrients and vitamins. bIncrease the shelf-life of food by creating an invisible, edible, nano-wrapper that will cover foods, preventing gas and moisture exchange. cReduce allergic reactions in individuals by blocking the ingredient that causes the allergy. dReduce diet related diseases by programming smart packaging to release extra nutrients to people with deficiencies. eReduce food spoilage by allowing the development of special ‘smart packaging’ that releases nano-anti-microbes when it detects food spoilage. 1. 4 Design this! Case study: Urban Graze Cooking School 1Tarrah Laidman and Joel Owen started Urban Graze cooking school in August 2006. 2Students experience a range of high-quality food experiences in a fun and relaxed environment during an Urban Graze cooking lesson. Students are taught with a hands-on approach and work towards making dishes for the end-of-class group meal, which is eaten together at the dining table. 3Ingredients are selected for a class by considering what is in season and what is available. Local produce is used where possible and Tarrah and Joel try to include new food trends in their ingredient selection. 4At Urban Graze, each class begins with a brief occupational health and safety talk and an orientation of the equipment and facilities. A description of the class is given with an overview of each recipe. Demonstrations are given to the whole class as well as individual attention. At the completion of the class, food is shared around the dining table. 5Tarrah and Joel try to always use locally sourced ingredients and equipment. They grow some of their own vegetables and herbs. Case study: Veronica Cuskelly – recipe designer 1Veronica Cuskelly had had many roles: home economist, food consultant, recipe developer and cookbook author. 2The team creating a recipe may include a client, recipe developer, nutritionist, food stylist and photographer. 3A team approach refers to working together and sharing ideas. It requires clear and positive communication. It is important so that the recipe developer has a good understanding of the various elements of the brief. 4The essential elements included in a brief to create a new recipe may include: target market, specific produce to be used, maximum or minimum number of ingredients, steps or utensils to be used, preparation time allowed, cooking times, cost per serve, style in which the recipe is to be written and dietary requirements. 5The reason for establishing clear and positive communication between the client and the recipe developer is to ensure that all essential information is given and any difficulties or problems that may arise can be resolved easily. 6At the beginning of a project, the type of pre-work that Veronica undertakes may include research and information gathering, tasting food samples, looking at other similar recipes, speaking with a nutritionist and looking at current dietary guidelines. 7Recipe progress is checked and evaluated in different ways: submitting concepts to the client for approval; developing the approved recipe; testing three times; taste-testing sessions; modification as necessary and writing up the final, approved recipe. 8The essential components of a recipe that need to be tested and recorded are as follows: ingredients, quantities, steps or methods used, temperatures, equipment, timings. Let’s remember 1The three key areas of study in the Technology course are: built environments, products, information and communications. 2Ideas for a design project come from real-life situations. 3The steps for solving a design project are: a. Design (design situation, design brief, analysis, research, ideas) b. Produce c. Evaluate 4The success of a design project is decided by evaluating it against the design brief and the criteria for success. 5Ways of gathering information to help solve a brief may include: conducting surveys, interviewing relevant people, reading books, magazines or articles on the Internet, conducting focus groups or taste-tests.